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Intelligence
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The ability to learn, and interpret and analyse information
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Constant over age, decline after 70.
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Small increase in successive generations (around .4 effect size each generation).
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Open-minded
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Vivid imagination and intellectual curiosity
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Gradually decreases over age, small effect size (<.2 per 25 years).
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No evidence of difference over generations.
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Conscientious
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Self-discipline and organisation
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Gradually increases over age. Small effect size (< .2).
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Increase in ‘achievement orientation’ with generations. Medium effect size (.6).
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Extraversion
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Warmth and optimism
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Gradually decreases over age. Small effect size (< .2).
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Increases with generations.
Effect size varies from small for a measure of ‘ascendance’ (.3) to large for a general measure of ‘extraversion’ (.9).
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Agreeableness
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Modesty and willingness to help others
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Increases with age; small effect size (< .2).
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Decreases with generations; effect size varies from small for ‘trust’ (around .3) to moderate for ‘self-esteem’ (around .6).
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Emotional Stability
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Resilience in stressful situations
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Increases with age. Small to moderate effect size (between .2 and .5).
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Decreases with generations; moderate effect size for ‘anxiety’ (around .5).
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Need for achievement
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Motivation to set and achieve challenging goals
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Possibly related to career stage.
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Small to moderate increases with generations for values of ‘status’ and ‘autonomy’ (effect sizes .3 - .5).
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Need for power
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Motivation to achieve dominant position
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Possibly related to career stage.
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Moderate increases for a measure of ‘power’ motivation (effect size around .5).
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The table shows differences between generations – in terms of maturational effects (with increasing age) and generational effects (across generations). ‘Effect size’ is a measure of the practical (rather than statistical) implications of differences. On the agreeableness and emotional stability competencies maturational and generational effects reinforce – to produce moderate size effects – younger workers being likely to be less agreeable and more emotional.
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